MECHANICAL ALLOYING

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PREFACE
From  the  total  initial  laboratory  success  in  1968,  the  process  of  me-
chanical alloying (MA) has been developed into a well-controlled pro-
duction  operation  over  the  years,  and  applied  to  develop  varieties  of
materials. Being a new field, there is a wealth of recent scientific lit-
erature  available,  but  it  is  all  scattered  –  The  problem  of  a  beginner
to  get  started  in  a  practical  way  with  the  MA  technique.  This  book
tries to address this problem and is aimed at the undergraduates, post-
graduates, materials scientists and engineers who want to have in-depth
knowledge  in  this  field.  The  book  is  also  designed  to  serve  as  an  in-
troductory  and  refreshment  reference  tool  for  the  manufacturing  en-
gineers actively involved in MA or the allied industry but are in need
of detailed knowledge of metallurgical engineering or materials science.
A two year metallurgical engineering or materials science course should
provide the necessary basis for comprehension of the material discussed
in the book.
This book tries to put forward the fundamentals of MA recipes where
the technique has been successful and highlights the areas in technology
where  it  can  provide  benefits  in  developing  high-tech  materials.  Not
only this, many secrets of the MA processing approach are still in the
embryonic stage and this book creates a brainstorm in the mind of ma-
terials scientists and engineers to reveal the same. The book comprises
of twelve chapters. Starting from the historical development of the MA
technique and highlighting its benefits in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 discusses
the  basic  process  of  MA  devices  used  for,  and  factors  affecting  the
process. This chapter deals with the different variations of MA which
have  been  developed  over  the  course  of  time.  Chapter  4  deals  with
the  process  control  agents  used  in  MA,  while  Chapter  5  deals  with
mechanisms involved in basic processes of MA, metastable phases for-
mation and activation of solid state chemical reactions. Chapter 6 deals
with  energy  transfer  and  energy  maps  in  MA.  Chapters  7  and  8  deal
with  basics  of  consolidation  of  MA  powders  and  mechanical  proper-
ties  of  MA  products,  respectively.  Chapter  9  explains  the  basics  of
models developed to predict the results of an MA process.  Joining tech-
niques  for  MA  materials  are  discussed  in  Chapter  10.  The  two  non-
equilibrium processing techniques, MA and rapid solidification, are com-
pared  and  combinations  of  the  two  to  enhance  the  properties  of  the

rapidly solidified materials, have been discussed in Chapter 11. Chapter
12  is  meant  for  highlighting  the  cases  where  the  technique  has  been
applied to produce MA products at industrial levels and the potential
materials to find applications in the industrial scene.
My  sincere  thanks  to  the  Minerals,  Metals  and  Materials  Society,
Warrendale, APMI (American Powder Metallurgy Institute) International,
New Jersey; Dr. J.S. Benjamin, Hitchiner Manufacturing Company, Inc,
Milford;  Dr.  H.K.D.H.  Bhadeshia,  University  of  Cambridge;  Prof  P.
Ramakrishnan, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay; Prof. F.H. Froes,
University  of  Idaho  and  Prof.  C.C.  Koch,  North  Carolina  State  Uni-
versity,  for  their  co-operation  in  completion  of  this  task.  I  am  grate-
ful to Prof. T.V. Rajan, Malaviya Regional Engineering College, Jaipur
for  encouraging  to  pursue  my  interest  in  MA.  I  wish  to  acknowledge
my wife Pramila and my children Anshu and Ankit, for bearing my dis-
appearance  when  I  was  'in  the  book'.

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