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标题: Heavy metal concentrations in cigarette blends. [打印本页]

作者: jimcjh 时间: 2013-1-26 15:08
标题: Heavy metal concentrations in cigarette blends.

【题名】：Heavy metal concentrations in cigarette blends.
【作者】：Bell, Paul; Mulchi, Charles L.
【杂志名全称】：Tobacco Science
【年，卷(期)，起止页码】：1990，34：32-34.
【全文链接】：http://www.accessmylibrary.com/a ... ions-cigarette.html

作者: flyingowl 时间: 2013-1-26 15:08
HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN CIGARETTE BLENDS
The objective of the study was to obtain current information on the concentrations of heavy metals in selected brands of cigarettes being sold in the United States. Such information would be useful to: (a) compare with such studies conducted in the past; and (b) provide reference information for current investigations including chemical residues in tobacco. Ten of the most popular brands of cigarettes were purchased in three states in 1985 and analyzed for Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Cd concentrations using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Mean and standard error estimates for metal concentrations in the blended cigarettes averaged over the brands equalled (in ug [g.sup.-1]) Zn (35.3 [+ or -] 0.7), Cu (11.0 [+ or -] 0.5). Mn (178 [+ or -] 8), Fe (394 [+ or -] 13), Pb (2.39 [+ or -] 0.32). Ni (2.75 [+ or -] 0.31), and Cd (0.99 [+ or -] 0.49). The range of metal-concentration found among the 10 brands were (in [ug.g.sup.-1] Zn (33.8 to 36.7, Cu (9.5 to 17.0), Mn (148 to 197), Fe (328 to 420), Pb (2.11 to 2.60), Ni (2.03 to 3.37), and Cd (0.89 to 1.08). The differences among brand means were significant (P [is less than or equal to] 0.5) for all metals except Pb. No evidence of abnormally high levels of metals were found in the results. Indeed, values for Cu and Pb were much lower than found in three brands in 1957.
INTRODUCTION
There has been increased interest in the concentrations of a broad range of chemical compounds in tobaccos over the past several decades with particular reference to those associated with health (4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13). The issue of heavy metal residues in cured tobacco has been associated with pesticide applications (6, 12) and the growth of tobaccos on soils amended with municipal sludges (1, 2, 3, 10). Current information is needed regarding the concentrations of metals which now exist in blended cigarettes being offered for sale in the United States. Cigarettes which are manufactured in the US are composed of blends representing Flue-Cured (34%), Burley (28%), Maryland (2%), Oriental (15%), and other (21%) tobaccos with over one-third being imported (7).
Numerous factors influence the concentrations of metals found in tobacco including soil type and pH, genotype, stalk position, application of metal-containing pesticides to leaves, and soil amendments (1, 2, 3, 10, 13). Of special concern are the concentrations of heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), wich are suspected of causing adverse effects on the health of smokers (5, 8, 12).
The objective of this study was to survey the metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Cd) which currently exist among 10 of the most popular brands of cigarettes being sold in the USA. The results of the survey would be useful to: a) compare with similar studies conducted in the past (4) and other recent investigations (1, 2, 3, 10, 12); and b) provided reference information for current investigations involving chemical residues in tobacco. The intent of this survey was not to engage in discussions or assign particular advantages or disadvantages among the brands included in the study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Packages of 10 brands of cigarettes were purchased in the spring of 1985 from stores located in College Park, MD, Richmond, VA, and Wise, NC. The brands were selected on the basis of sales volume as reported by Maxwell (9). The cigarette papers were removed and composite samples of tobacco were made from each package. Duplicate 1.0 g subsamples were taken from each composite sample for metal analyses. The samples were digested using 10 ml of concentrated [HNO.sub.3], 5.0 ml of concentrated (70%) [HC10.sub.4], and heat (3). Samples of National Bureau of Standards (NBS) citrus leaf Reference No. 1572 accompanied the tobacco samples as a quality control. Metal concentrations in the NBS standard were (in ug [g.sup.-1]): Zn (29 [+ or -] 2), Cu (16.5 [+ or -] 1), Mn (23 [+ or -] 2), Fe (90 [+ or -] 10), Pb (13.3 [+ or -] 2.4), and Ni (0.6 [+ or -] 0.3). The metals were analyzed on a Perkin-Elmer model 5000 atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer Corp.). Standards for each element were prepared from purchase certified 1000 mg [kg.sup.-1] element standard solutions. Standards for a given element were prepared in a matrix containing fixed quantities of the six other metals (3). Deuterium background corrections were used in the analysis of Cd, Pb, and Ni. Statistical analyses were conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures with the 10 brands as treatments and three locations as independent replicates. Means were separated using LSD procedures where significance among treatments were found at P [is less than or equal to] 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Summaries of the means and standard errors for Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Cd concentrations in 10 popular brands of cigarettes purchased in the USA in 1985 are contained in Table 1. Significant differences were found among brands for all metals except Pb. The mean [+ or -] standard error for the 7 metals averaged over brands were (in ug [g.sup.-1]): Zn (35.3 [+ or -] 0.7), Cu (11.0 [+ or -] 0.5), Mn (178 [+ or -] 8), Fe (394 [+ or -] 13), Pb (2.39 [+ or -] 0.32), Ni (2.75 [+ or -] 0.32), and Cd (0.99 [+ or -] 0.49). The range in metal concentrations among brands were (in ug [g.sup.-1]): Zn (33.8 to 36.7), Cu (9.5 to 17.0), Mn (148 to 197), Fe (328 to 420), Pb (2.11 to 2.60), Ni (2.03 to 3.37), and Cd (0.89 to 1.08). The differences among the brands means summarized in Table 1 [i.e., Zn (2.9), Cu (7.5), Mn (49), Fe (92), Pb (0.49), Ni (1.34), and Cd (0.20) ug [g.sup.-1]] were much smaller than values reported by Muller (11) for 15 brands of cigarettes sold in Germany [i.e., Zn (49), Cu (24), Mn (105), Pb (1.9), and Cd (1.23) ug [g.sup.-1]]. The results in Table 1 suggest that an unusually high degree of uniformity exists among brands of cigarettes sold in the U.S.A. regarding the metals examined, which was unexpected considering the wide diversity among the sources of tobaccos included in modern cigarette blends (7). These results also show no evidence of excessive levels of metals which may result from various cultural practices. [Tabular Data Ommited]
The general ranges in metal concentration found in the current survey were much narrower than typically found in other published information. Mussalo-Rauhamaa et al. (12) reviewed metal concentrations in cigarette studies
from six countries (Finland, England, Yugoslavia, U.S.A., East and West Germany) published over the period 1920 to 1984. Mean Zn concentrations ranged from 217 (Finland 1940s) to 28 ug [g.sup.-1] (E. Germany, 1977) with results for 3 brands of cigarettes from the USA (1957) averaging 29 [+ or -] 5 ug [g.sup.-1] (4). Mean Cu concentrations ranged from 65.7 (England 1950s] to 9.2 ug [g.sup.-1] (Finland, 1984) with the brands from the U.S.A. averaging 29 [+ or -] 5 ug [g.sup.-1]. The Cu concentrations in current U.S.A. brands of cigarettes (11.0 [+ or -] 0.5 ug [g.sup.-1] have been reduced by two-thirds over the past three decades. Mean Fe concentrations ranged from 1,150 (Yugoslavia, 1985) to 410 ug [g.sup.-1]. Current Fe concentrations in cigarette brands from the USA averaged 24.2% below the 1957 results (Table 1). Mean Pb concentrations varied from 46 [+ or -] 32 (U.S.A., 1957) to 0.8 [+ or -] 0.4 ug [g.sup.-1] (Finland, 1979) with results from most studies falling in the range 2.3 [+ or -] 1.0 ug [g.sup.-1] (12). Therefore, Pb concentration found in the current brands from the U.S.A. (2.39 [+ or -] 0.32 ug [g.sup.-1] appear consistent with most of the cigarette Pb results published over the past 60 years. Mean Cd concentrations in cigarettes varied from 2.2 (Yugoslavia, 1975) to 0.7 ug [g.sup.-1] (Finland, 1984) with no Cd results listed for the U.S.A. brands (12). Current Cd concentrations (0.99 [+ or -] 0.49 ug [g.sup.-1] for cigarettes manufactured in the U.S.A. appear very consistent with Cd results published over the past 60 years (12). Very high levels were reported for Zn (217 ug [g.sup.-1] in cigarettes from Finland (1920s and 1940s), Cu 65.7 ug [g.sup.-1] for cigarettes in England (1950s) and Pb (46 [+ or -] 31 ug [g.sup.-1] in cigarette brands from the USA (1957) (12). The high metal residue levels observed in these earlier studies were probably caused by the types of pesticides being used at that time.
Due to the limited number of samples per brand analyzed in the current study, the reader is advised to use caution when making comparisons among brands (Table 1). Although the CV values in all cases show very low variability among replicates, the differences among brands are generally too small for meaningful comparisons to be made. The major importance of results in Table 1 is in their use as reference information. For example, Adamu et al. (2) reported the following means for metal concentrations in Maryland tobacco samples collected from 33 farms in 1983 and involving 11 soil series (in [ug.g.sup.-1]): Zn (57.8), Cu (9.7), Mn (294), Fe (277), Pb (4.2), Ni (2.7), and Cd 1.9). The Cu, Fe, and Ni concentrations reported for Maryland tobacco are similar to the values found in cigarettes; however, the Table 1 means for Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd are below values reported by Adamu et al. (2).

作者: jimcjh 时间: 2013-1-27 12:12
这个不对呀，图表都没有呀，要PDF的

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